https://www.liveworksheets.com/w/en/english-second-language-esl/1599681
https://www.liveworksheets.com/es/w/en/english-second-language-esl/760925
https://www.liveworksheets.com/w/en/english-second-language-esl/220966
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zkq8hbk#zpsd8hv
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MODAL VERBS:
https://wordwall.net/es-ar/community/verbs/speaking/modal
https://www.baamboozle.com/game/521576
https://view.genially.com/6068b037ccc9790cde5a16cf/interactive-content-modal-verbs-speaking-activity
Wordbuilding: https://wordwall.net/resource/14255079/9a-word-building
Here is a list of modals with examples:
| Modal Verb | Expressing | Example |
|---|---|---|
| must | Strong obligation | You must stop when the traffic lights turn red. |
| logical conclusion / Certainty | He must be very tired. He's been working all day long. | |
| must not | prohibition | You must not smoke in the hospital. |
| can | ability | I can swim. |
| permission | Can I use your phone please? | |
| possibility | Smoking can cause cancer. | |
| could | ability in the past | When I was younger I could run fast. |
| polite permission | Excuse me, could I just say something? | |
| possibility | It could rain tomorrow! | |
| may | permission | May I use your phone please? |
| possibility, probability | It may rain tomorrow! | |
| might | polite permission | Might I suggest an idea? |
| possibility, probability | I might go on holiday to Australia next year. | |
| need not | lack of necessity/absence of obligation | I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. |
| should ought to | 50 % obligation | I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache. |
| advice | You should / ought to revise your lessons | |
| logical conclusion | He should / ought to be very tired. He's been working all day long. | |
| had better | advice | You 'd better revise your lessons |
Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to", also called the bare infinitive.Examples:
- You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
- You should see to the doctor.
- There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need not buy any.
Body Language
Body language is a type of non-verbal communication in which physical behavior, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information. Such behavior includes facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and the use of space. Body language exists in both animals and humans, but this article focuses on interpretations of human body language. It is also known as kinesics. The difference between the words people speak and our understanding of what they are saying comes from non-verbal communication, otherwise known as “body language.” As you will learn in this article, by developing your awareness of the signs and signals of body language, you can more easily understand other people, and more effectively communicate with them.
Key Aspects of Body Language
Facial Expressions: The face is a primary means of expressing emotions. Facial expressions such as smiling, frowning, raising an eyebrow, or narrowing the eyes can convey happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, or other emotions.
Gestures: Hand and arm movements can accentuate or emphasize spoken words. Common gestures include waving, pointing, thumbs-up, handshakes, or crossing arms, each carrying its own meaning in different contexts and cultures.
Posture: The way we hold our bodies can indicate our level of confidence, openness, or defensiveness. Standing tall and straight often signifies confidence, while slouching or crossing arms may suggest defensiveness or discomfort.
Eye Contact: The eyes can convey a wealth of information. Maintaining eye contact demonstrates attentiveness and interest, while avoiding eye contact can signal shyness, dishonesty, or disinterest.
Proximity: The physical distance between individuals can communicate social or personal boundaries. Standing too close can be perceived as invasive, while keeping a comfortable distance is considered respectful.
Touch: Physical touch can convey various messages depending on the context and culture. Handshakes, hugs, pats on the back, or even a gentle touch on the arm can indicate friendliness, support, or familiarity.
Micro expressions: These are brief, involuntary facial expressions that occur spontaneously and reveal underlying emotions. Micro expressions can be fleeting, but they can offer insights into someone’s true feelings or attitudes.
Difference between Each other and One another?
From a grammatical perspective, ‘each other’ and ‘one another’ essentially have the same meaning – they are used to show that each member of a group does something for/to the other. For example, the sentence, ‘Jim and Janet like each other’ implies that Jim likes Janet and Janet likes Jim.
Table Summarising the Difference between Each Other and One Another:
The difference between one another and each other is very subtle, but as discussed above, usage can depend on context – such as the number of people or things involved, for example, you can say, ‘Peter and Jane hate each other.’
We shall explore some examples:
Voz pasiva en inglés.
Estructura de la voz pasiva en presente simple
Aprender a usar la voz pasiva en inglés es un paso importante para cualquier estudiante de inglés. La voz pasiva es especialmente útil cuando el enfoque está en la acción o el resultado, y no en quién realiza la acción. En esta guía, explicaremos cómo usar la voz pasiva en el tiempo Present Simple, con ejemplos y ejercicios prácticos.
Veamos algunos ejemplos para entender la diferencia:
La estructura de la voz pasiva en Present Simple es sencilla y sigue este patrón:
| Oración activa (inglés) | Oración activa (español) | Oración pasiva (inglés) | Oración pasiva (español) |
|---|---|---|---|
| She reads the book. | Ella lee el libro. | The book is read by her. | El libro es leído por ella. |
| The chef prepares the meal. | El chef prepara la comida. | The meal is prepared by the chef. | La comida es preparada por el chef. |
| They repair the car. | Ellos reparan el coche. | The car is repaired by them. | El coche es reparado por ellos. |
| We sell the product. | Nosotros vendemos el producto. | The product is sold by us. | El producto es vendido por nosotros. |
| The artist paints the picture. | El artista pinta el cuadro. | The picture is painted by the artist. | El cuadro es pintado por el artista. |
Formar oraciones en la voz pasiva es muy fácil siguiendo estos pasos:
Veamos algunos ejemplos del mundo real:
| Oración pasiva (inglés) | Oración pasiva (español) |
|---|---|
| The house is cleaned by the staff. | La casa es limpiada por el personal. |
| The cake is baked by the chef. | El pastel es horneado por el chef. |
| The report is written by the manager. | El informe es escrito por el gerente. |
| The project is completed by the team. | El proyecto es completado por el equipo. |
| The presentation is given by the speaker. | La presentación es dada por el orador. |
Para formar oraciones negativas en voz pasiva, solo necesitas agregar 'not' después del verbo 'to be'.
| Oración pasiva negativa (inglés) | Oración pasiva negativa (español) |
|---|---|
| The house is not cleaned by the staff. | La casa no es limpiada por el personal. |
| The cake is not baked by the chef. | El pastel no es horneado por el chef. |
| The report is not written by the manager. | El informe no es escrito por el gerente. |
| The project is not completed by the team. | El proyecto no es completado por el equipo. |
| The presentation is not given by the speaker. | La presentación no es dada por el orador. |
Para hacer preguntas en voz pasiva, invierte el verbo 'to be' y el sujeto de la oración:
| Pregunta (inglés) | Pregunta (español) |
|---|---|
| Is the house cleaned by the staff? | ¿Es la casa limpiada por el personal? |
| Is the cake baked by the chef? | ¿Es el pastel horneado por el chef? |
| Is the report written by the manager? | ¿Es el informe escrito por el gerente? |
| Is the project completed by the team? | ¿Es el proyecto completado por el equipo? |
| Are the emails sent by the assistant? | ¿Son los correos enviados por el asistente? |
¡Ahora es momento de practicar lo que has aprendido! Prueba estos ejercicios para reforzar tu comprensión de la voz pasiva:
Ejemplos de uso Passive Voice - Present Simple
The steps are made of brick! - Los escalones están hechos de ladrillo.
Stamps aren't sold in a supermarket. - Los sellos no se venden en un supermercado.
The targets are assigned by the computer. - Los objetivos son asignados por la computadora.
This situation is not observed in the private sector. - Esta situación no se observa en el sector privado.
How is this procedure implemented? - ¿Cómo se lleva a cabo este procedimiento?
The atmosphere is divided into several layers. - La atmósfera está dividida en varias capas.
This idea is not based on anything - Esta idea no está basada en nada.
A house is divided into different rooms. - Una casa está dividida en diferentes habitaciones.
The entrance is hidden from human eyes. - La entrada está oculta a los ojos humanos.
Robots are made of metal. - Los robots están hechos de metal.
How is the plate made? - ¿Cómo se hace el plato?
Your flight is not authorized! - ¡Tu vuelo no está autorizado!
We feel that we are loved. - Sentimos que somos amados.
Are you armed? - ¿Estás armado?
It is saved in the database. - Está guardado en la base de datos.
He is wanted by the police. - Es buscado por la policía.
She's locked in the car - Ella está encerrada en el carro.
It's made of iron. - Está hecho de hierro.
Why are they hidden? - ¿Por qué están ocultos?
The passive is more formal than the active and it is more common in written language. We often use the passive when we don’t know, when it is obvious, or when we don’t want to say who or what is responsible for the action. Let’s watch this video.
Present and past simple passive – form
We can use by to say who or what is responsible for the action.
Practice
Use this link to start revising the passive voice:
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/active_passive/word_order.htm
Now, have a look at these sentences and how we change from active to passive. Then, do some activities.
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/active_passive/sentences_simple_present.htm
Simple Past Passive
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/active_passive/sentences_simple_past.htm
It’s time to enjoy a KAHOOT! Why don’t you agree to meet a classmate/s to play?
https://play.kahoot.it/v2/lobby?quizId=cd53066d-4d47-441b-b423-2666a1690d89
Finally, just to see that you have mastered the passive voice, in the link below, you have to do the three exercises, check them and send us (Nerea and Inés’ email) a picture of your final mark. GOOD LUCK! 
HAPPY NEW YEAR 2025
