Enjoy Holidays and Summer

Short shots

Reported Speech

Direct and Reported Speech A) DIRECT SPEECH: words actually spoken; quotation marks. B) REPORTED SPEECH: we only give the meaning of what was said; no quotation marks. C) TELL or SAY? TELL + IO + DO SAY + DO / SAY + TO + IO+ DO TELL always has an indirect object, except in some expressions like tell the time, tell the truth ... Changes in Reported Speech A) Changes of PERSON, TIME and PLACE depend on changes in the situation. The most important changes are: Pronouns I / we................................... he, she / they Time tomorrow ............................ the next / following day yesterday ........................... the day before now .................................... then today / tonight ..................... that day / night this morning ........................ that morning on / next Tuesday ............... the following Tuesday last Tuesday ....................... the previous Tuesday the day after tomorrow.......... in two days time ago...................................... before Place here .................................... there Demonstratives this / that ............................ the B) TENSE CHANGE: Tense change depends on whether the introductory verb is present or past. - If the introductory verb is present, there is no tense change. - If the introductory verb is past, there is often a tense change. If the statement is up to date when we report it, we can leave the same tense or change it. We change the tense if we think the statement may be untrue. In news reports, the tense usually changes. Direct Speech Reported Speech Direct Speech Reported Speech Simple Present ......... Simple Past WILL ...................... WOULD Present Continuous .. Past Continuous CAN ....................... COULD Simple Past ............. Past Perf/S. Past* MAY ...................... MIGHT Past Continuous ...... Past Perf/Past Cont.* MUST .................... HAD TO Present Perfect ........ Past Perfect WOULD NO CHANGE Past Perfect ............ Past Perfect COULD MIGHT SHOULD OUGHT TO       A) Reporting verbs: SAY, TELL, ANNOUNCE, EXCLAIM,... Reported statements B) Introduced by THAT (it can be omitted) C) Pronoun, verb and adverb change Reported questions A) Reporting verbs: ASK, WONDER, WANT TO KNOW B) WH-QUESTIONS: introduced by an INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN (it cannot be omitted) C) YES/NO QUESIONS: introduced by IF or WHETHER (they cannot be omitted) D) Pronoun, verb and adverb change.Word order changes E) EMBEDDED QUESTIONS: Could you tell me ...? Do you know ...? Reported functions (requests, orders, offers, ...) A) REQUESTS: - Reporting verb: ASK, BEG ... - Indirect Object + TO-INFINITIVE / NOT TO-INFINITIVE B) ORDERS: - Reporting verbs: TELL, ORDER, COMMAND ... - Indirect Object + TO-INFINITIVE / NOT TO-INFINITIVE C) OFFERS, SUGGESTIONS ... OFFER PROMISE AGREE REFUSE THREATEN REMIND ADVISE INVITE + TO-INFINITIVE SUGGEST ADMIT INSIST ON APOLOGIZE FOR + -ING D) PROMISE THAT, AGREE THAT ... PROMISE AGREE REMIND WARN ADVISE ADMIT INSIST EXERCISES: 1. 'What do you think of the college?' She asked .........................................  . 2. 'I'll call you later tonight,' Keith promised.  Keith promised that ................................................  . 3. 'I didn't break the window,' said the boy.  The boy denied.....................................................  4. 'Why don't you come this evening?'  She suggested........................................................ . 5. 'You look really tired,' he told her.  He said .......................................................  . 6. 'You must do your homework tonight.' the teacher said.  The teacher told ......................................................  . 7. 'What's your name?' he asked.           He asked ........................................................  . 8. 'I might be late for work.' he told me.  He told ........................................................  . 9.‘Please don’t smoke in here!’  the waiter said to the customers.  The waiter told...................................................... 10. ‘Will it be alright to come over tomorrow?’ he wanted to know. He wanted........................................................................ 11. ‘What has she been doing while I was out?’ asked Susan  Susan asked......................................................................... 12. ‘Who ate the last piece of cake?’ Sue asked. Sue asked............................................................................................ 13. ‘The students were standing outside the classroom, waiting for the teacher to arrive.’ commented Graham. Graham commented............................................................................ 1 "I can't believe what you're saying," Paul told me. 2 "Would you like a cup of tea? she said to the girls. 3 "What time did you arrive in London?" he asked. 4 "I'm sorry to be late, but I missed the bus" she said. 5 "Thank you for the postcard you sent me," she said to Jane. 6 "What were you doing last night at 9.30?" he asked. 7 "I'll show you when I finish," he said. 8 "The film had already started when Peter arrived," she said. 9 "I was having a shower when the phone rang," she said. 10 "You must finish the report today," my boss told me.

Airport language

Are you ready to take a trip? We’re going to start a series of lessons on practical English for use while traveling. Today we’re going to go through the airport step by step, learning important vocabulary and useful phrases along the way.

Conversation #1 – At The Check-In Desk

Dan is flying from New York to Los Angeles. When he arrives at the airport, he goes to the check-in desk. Listen to the conversation he has with the agent:

Agent: Good afternoon! Where are you flying to today?

Dan: Los Angeles.

Agent: May I have your passport, please?

Dan: Here you go.

Agent: Are you checking any bags?

Dan: Just this one.

Agent: OK, please place your bag on the scale.

Dan: I have a stopover in Chicago – do I need to pick up my luggage there?

Agent: No, it’ll go straight through to Los Angeles. Here are your boarding passes – your flight leaves from gate 15A and it’ll begin boarding at 3:20. Your seat number is 26E.

Dan: Thanks.

Conversation Vocabulary And Phrases

• Instead of “Where are you flying today?”the agent may ask “What’s your final destination?” The answer will be the same!
• You can say “Here you go”anytime you give something to somebody
• To check your bags means to put them on the airplane inside the cargo compartment. The small bag you take with you on the airplane is called a carry-on. You need to put your carry-on bags through the X-ray machine at security.
• The scaleis the equipment that tells you the weight of your luggage (45 kilograms, for example)
• A stopover or layover is when the airplane stops in a different city before continuing to the final destination
• If the agent says that your luggage will go straight through, it means it will go directly to the final destination (and you don’t need to pick it up during your stopover)
• Boarding passes are the tickets that permit you to enter the airplane
• When a plane begins boarding, it means that the passengers start to enter the plane. Usually boarding time is 30-60 minutes before takeoff (when the plane leaves)

OTHER QUESTIONS & PHRASES FOR THE AIRPORT

Excuse me, where is the American Airlines check-in desk?”

• “How many bags can I check?”
• “Will my luggage go straight through, or do I need to pick it up in [Chicago]?”
• “How much is the fee?”If your bag is heavier than the weight limits, or if your bag is larger than the size limits, you may need to pay extra: an oversized baggage fee or overweight baggage fee (this can be $75 to $300). Some airlines in the United States also charge a fee for ALL checked bags (usually $15 to $30).
• “Please mark this bag as ‘fragile.’”Say this if you have fragile or sensitive items in your bag that might break
• “Is the flight on time?”The agent will respond either “Yes” if the flight is on time, or “There’s a 20-minute delay” (for example) if the flight will leave later than expected.

EXTRA QUESTIONS IN THE U.S.

On flights going to or inside the U.S., you might be asked some extra security questions before or during check-in. Here are some sample questions:

Answer YES to these questions:

• Did you pack your bags yourself?
• Has your luggage been in your possession at all times?
• Are you aware of the regulations regarding liquids in your carry-on?
  (Liquids must be 100 mL or less, and stored in a single quart-sized clear plastic bag)
  More information: TSA.gov

Answer NO to these questions:

• Are you carrying any firearms or flammable materials?
• Have you left your luggage unattended at any time?
• Has anyone given you anything to carry on the flight?

Conversation #2 – Going Through Security

There are two pieces of equipment in security: you put your bags through the X-ray machine, and you walk through the metal detector. Some airports also use a body scanner for a more careful check. 

The X-ray machine has a conveyor belt that moves your bags automatically through the machine. You can put small items like keys or money into plastic bins.

In the picture below, the woman is walking through the metal detector.
Her suitcase is on the conveyor belt after going through the X-ray machine.

Agent: Please lay your bags flat on the conveyor belt, and use the bins for small objects.

Dan: Do I need to take my laptop out of the bag?

Agent: Yes, you do. Take off your hat and your shoes, too.

(he walks through the metal detector)

[BEEP BEEP BEEP BEEP]

Agent: Please step back. Do you have anything in your pockets – keys, cell phone, loose change?

Dan: I don’t think so. Let me try taking off my belt.

Agent: Okay, come on through.

(he goes through the metal detector again)

Agent: You’re all set! Have a nice flight.

The phrase “you’re all set” is a common expression that means “you’re finished and everything is OK.”

Phrasal Verbs: SET OFF and GO OFF

When the alarm sounds, we say “the alarm went off.” To describe what caused the alarm to sound, we say “set off” – for example, “My keys set off the alarm” or “My keys set off the metal detector.”

Announcements At The Gate

Airports are divided into terminals (the major sections of the airport) and each terminal has many gates. The gate is the door you go through to enter the airplane. Here are a few announcements you might hear while you are at the gate, waiting for the plane to board.

Audio Player

• There has been a gate change.”(this means the flight will leave from a different gate)
• “United Airlines flight 880 to Miami is now boarding.”
  (this means it’s time for passengers to enter the plane)
• “Please have your boarding pass and identification ready for boarding.”
• “We would like to invite our first- and business-class passengers to board.”
• “We are now inviting passengers with small children and any passengers requiring special assistance to begin boarding.”
• “We would now like to invite all passengers to board.”
  (this means everyone can enter the plane)
• “This is the final boarding call for United Airlines flight 880 to Miami.”
  (this means it is the FINAL OPPORTUNITY to enter the plane before they close the doors)
• “Passenger John Smith, please proceed to the United Airlines desk at gate 12.”

Conversation #3: On The Plane

The people who work inside the airplane serving food and drinks are called flight attendants. Both men and women who have this job are called flight attendants. Listen to this conversation that Dan has with the flight attendant when dinner is served on the flight.

Flight attendant: Chicken or pasta?

Dan: Sorry?

Flight attendant: Would you like chicken or pasta?

Dan: I’ll have the chicken.

Flight attendant: Anything to drink?

Dan: What kind of soda do you have?

Flight attendant: Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite, Orange, and Dr. Pepper.

Dan: A Diet Coke, no ice, please.

Flight attendant: Here you go.

Dan: Thanks.

Conversation Tips:

If you didn’t understand what the flight attendant said, you can say Sorry? or Pardon? to ask him or her to repeat it.

If you want to ask for something, you can use the phrase “Can I have…?” or “Could I have…?” Practice your pronunciation with these common requests

• Can I have a pillow?”
• “Can I have a blanket?”
• “Can I have a pair of headphones/earbuds?”
• “Could I have some water/coffee/tea?”
• “Could I have some extra napkins?”

Finally, if you need to stand up, but there is a person sitting between you and the aisle, you can say Excuse me and make a motion to start standing up. The person sitting next to you will understand and stand up to let you get out of your seat.

You’ve finished Lesson 16! Now take the quiz to test how well you remember the phrases. In tomorrow’s lesson, you’ll learn English phrases for arriving at the destination airport, going through immigration, and dealing with common travel problems.

• Download the text
• Download the audio
  (Right-click on each link and select “Save” or “Save as”)

Travelling

Quick & Useful Phrases AIR TRAVEL 10 Questions You Might Hear 00:25 00:54 Right Click Here to Download Audio - Save as MP3 File 10 Statements You Might Hear 00:00 00:00 Right Click Here to Download Audio - Save as MP3 File 10 Questions You Might Ask 00:00 00:00 Right Click Here to Download Audio - Save as MP3 File 10 Statements You Might Say 00:00 00:00 Right Click Here to Download Audio - Save as MP3 File