Monday, 30 November 2020

In the press- Coronavirus and expectations for Xmas

 https://english.elpais.com/society/2020-11-30/spain-calls-for-prudence-and-common-sense-after-christmas-shoppers-throng-the-streets.html

Crowds on Gran Vía avenue in Madrid on Sunday.

Crowds on Gran Vía avenue in Madrid on Sunday.OLMO CALVO

Spain’s health secretary of state, Silvia Calzón, called on the public on Monday to show “responsibility and prudence” after crowds flooded the streets at the weekend to go Christmas shopping and see the traditional festive lights go on. The packed scenes – seen in several cities, including Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Málaga – prompted Calzón to recommend that citizens “avoid crowds” in the lead-up to Christmas to avoid worsening the coronavirus situation in Spain. “This is not over,” she warned.

“We would like to make a call for responsibility and prudence,” said Calzón in a radio interview with Spanish station Canal Sur on Monday “It has taken a lot of work and sacrifice to flatten the curve.” The incidence rate of the coronavirus has been steadily falling across Spain, but health authorities warn it still remains at “very high” levels. Although the sharp rise in new cases seen after the summer holidays may have eased, experts warn that increased social gatherings and travel over the festive season could lead to a new spike in infections.

“We cannot forget how badly many families have suffered,” or the impact the virus has had “on the most vulnerable,” said Calzón. “If we like Christmas, let’s ensure that we are all here for next Christmas,” she added, arguing “it’s worth the sacrifice.”

The health official also called on citizens to use “common sense.” She recommended that the public hold gatherings outdoors and avoid crowds to limit the risk of possible contagion. Calzón said the Christmas period was “an especially dear time” but would be “special” this year in a bid to reduce contagions. “We have to focus on protecting those we most love,” she said. “Perhaps we have to sacrifice our way of socializing with lots of people from lots of different areas in order to enjoy more and protect more those we love, especially elderly people.”

With the festive season approaching, the Spanish Health Ministry has proposed a series of measures aimed at preventing the spread of the virus, namely limiting social gatherings to 10 people and setting a 1am curfew for Christmas Eve and New Year’s Eve. But the final decision on what rules will be in place will fall to the regions. Calzón defended this position on Monday, arguing that regional governments “need to have the necessary autonomy” to set restrictions and adapt them to their “different epidemiological situations.”

Calzón said a group was working on designing “basic measures” that could be applied across Spain, adding that this plan would likely be discussed on Wednesday at the next meeting of the Inter-Territorial Council of the National Health System, which brings together central and regional health chiefs. The raft of measures is aimed at “sending a unified message to the public,” said Calzón, who admitted the restrictions are unlikely to be exactly the same in each region given the differences between each territory.

Tuesday, 24 November 2020

Photography Contest- Human Rights


ADD YOUR PICTURE AND YOUR DESCRIPTION

Human Rights Photo Contest.

European Parliament Ambassadors Schools

Monday, 23 November 2020

Conditionals-Exercises and Worksheets

REVISION:

 MODALS:

https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/modal-verbs/m009.htm

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/could-have-should-have-would-have-exercise-1.html

Worksheets - Web practice

pdf exercises

Sunday, 22 November 2020

Thanksgiving- American traditions

THANKSGIVING LISTENING


Thanksgiving is a very American holiday. It is also ____________ Thanksgiving Day. It is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November every year. It ____________ to be a religious holiday to give thanks to God. There are two ____________ of the origins of this holiday. One is thanks for the ____________ settlers arriving in America ____________. On December the 4th, 1619, a group of English pioneers arrived at a place called Berkeley Hundred, in Virginia. The group made a ____________ that the day of their arrival should be a "day of thanksgiving" to God. The second version is the thanks given to Native Americans for teaching the pilgrims how to ____________ eels and grow ____________ in Plymouth, Massachusetts. In 1941, President Roosevelt made Thanksgiving a federal holiday.

The main ____________ of any Thanksgiving is the Thanksgiving dinner. It is traditional to have baked or roasted turkey. This is ____________ accompanied with mashed potatoes, sweet potatoes, fall vegetables, cranberry sauce, and gravy. Pumpkin pie is the most ____________ eaten dessert. The Thanksgiving holiday weekend is one of the ____________ times of the year for traveling. It is a four-day or five-day weekend ____________ for most schools and colleges, and many businesses and government workers get three or four days off. Thanksgiving is also the unofficial ____________ for Christmas preparations to begin. Once Thanksgiving ____________, stores fill their ____________ with Christmas goods. It is also a bad time to be a turkey.

FLIPPED LESSON. COMPREHENSION:


 

Black Friday and Cyber Monday-Frenzy shopping



SHOPPING

Idioms

  • bargain hunting
    • If you spend time in the shops looking for items to buy at the lowest price, you go bargain hunting.
      "During the sales I go bargain hunting with my friends!"

  • it's a bargain
    • Said when an article is well below the usual price.
      "That handbag goes beautifully with the dress, and at that price it's a bargain!"

  • I can't afford it
    • If you can't afford something you don't have enough money to buy it.
      "I'd love that jacket but I can't afford it!"

  • it costs an arm and a leg
    • If an article or service costs an arm and a leg, it is very expensive indeed.
      "The diamond engagement ring cost an arm and a leg!"

  • it costs a fortune
    • Something that costs a fortune is very expensive.
      "Look at the price of that bag - it costs a fortune!"

  • it's a steal
    • The expression 'it's a steal'' means that something is so cheap that it’s almost as if you haven't paid anything for it.
      "At that price it's a steal. You won't find it cheaper in any other shop."

  • it's good value for money
    • Something that is good value for money is worth the money spent on it.
      "The quality is excellent so it's good value for money."

  • it's a bit pricey
    • The expression a bit pricey means that something is a bit expensive.
      "Their clothes are a bit pricey but they have a wonderful selection"

  • it's a rip-off
    • Something that costs much more than it should is called a rip-off.
      "$10 for an orange juice? That's a rip-off!"

  • shop around
    • If you shop around, you visit a number of shops selling similar articles in order to compare the prices.
      "You can usually save money by shopping around."

  • shop till you drop
    • If you shop till you drop, you go shopping for a very long time, until you are exhausted.
      "If you go to London with Ashley, you'll shop till you drop, so take comfortable shoes!"

  • shopping spree
    • If you go on a shopping spree, you enjoy a lively outing, usually with much spending of money.
      "Liza is planning to go on a shopping spree as soon as she gets her bonus."

  • shopping therapy
    • The term shopping therapy refers to the idea that buying things can make you feel better.
      "A little shopping therapy can usually cheer up bored teenagers."

  • splash out
    • If you splash out on something, you buy it even though it costs a lot of money.
      "When he got a promotion Andy splashed out on a brand new car."

  • window shopping
    • When people go window shopping, they look at things in shop windows, without actually purchasing anything.
      "I haven't been paid yet, so I can only go window shopping."

Conversation Questions:

      Do you like shopping? For what kinds of things?
      Have you ever spent too much? What did you buy? How did you feel afterwards?
      How long do you usually shop for? Do you try to get your shopping done as fast as possible?
      Do you shop online? What kinds of things do you buy online? What would you rather buy in person?
      Think about the most expensive thing you have ever bought. Was it worth what you paid for it?
      Do you prefer to shop alone or with other people? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
      Who does the grocery shopping in your household? How often do they do it?
      Are you a bargain hunter? Do you get excited about sales and discounts? When are the best sales in your country?
      Which do you prefer? Buying things for yourself or for other people?
      Do you collect points or stamps at any stores? Which loyalty programs are worthwhile?
      In the United States, the Friday after Thanksgiving is known as Black Friday and is famous for big sales and aggressive behaviour by shoppers. Have you ever had any problems with other shoppers?
      Shoplifting is when someone takes something from a shop without paying. How common is this crime in your country? How do shops try to prevent shoplifting?
      Have you ever worked in a shop? What was the store selling? Does that kind of job suit you?
      If you were to open your own shop, what kinds of things would you like to sell?
      Have you ever returned something to the shop you bought it from? Why did you return it? Did you get a refund?
      Do you care where products are made? Do you prefer to buy things which are made in your own country? Why or why not?
      Some countries have late-night or all-night shopping. What time of day do you like to shop?
      Have you been shopping abroad? Which are the best cities for shopping?



BUY NOTHING DAY

Once a year, in countries around the world, people demonstrate their discontent with consumer culture by holding a Buy Nothing Day. Buy Nothing Day began in 1990 in ten countries and has been celebrated every year since then. Each year, more and more people and countries join in the celebration. The intention is to encourage people to say no to consumerism and to remind them that they shouldn’t be slaves to material possessions.

On Buy Nothing Day, activists organise various free and creative forms of entertainment to prove to people that it is possible to have fun without spending money. Activists also pass out colourful booklets and stick up posters to encourage people to think twice about the dangers of consumerism. Some activists publicly cut up their credit cards at mass demonstrations, as a protest against the pressure on people to spend more than they can afford.

Buy Nothing Day campaigners in the United States have also produced a special TV commercial called an “uncommercial”, which asks people not to buy anything! However, the most imaginative suggestion of the Buy Nothing Day activists is their “Christmas Gift Exemption Vouchers”. The idea is to give people you love a voucher which states that they are exempt from buying Christmas presents, on condition that they spend quality time with you instead.

The message of Buy Nothing Day is not supposed to be heard only once a year. Its supporters insist that the spirit of simplicity is timeless, and they want people to fight materialism with imagination and creativity all year round.


Question 1 Indicate whether these sentences are true or false. Justify your answers with evidence from the text

a) The aim of the Buy Nothing Day activists is to show people how consumerism is enslaving them.
b) The more money you spend, the more fun you have.
c) Buy Nothing Day activists try to make people aware of the dangers of consumerism.
d) The idea behind Buy Nothing Day is to criticise materialism once a year.

Question 2 Answer these questions in your own words:
a) Why was Buy Nothing Day created?
b) What things do activists do on Buy Nothing Day?

Question 3 Find a word or phrase in the text that means the same as:
a) deny (par.1)
b) distribute (par. 2)
c) excused, without obligation (par. 3)

Opinion: 
Are we influenced by selling campaigns? Do people easily get carried away by advertising and marketing?

Every year in November, people look for bargains on Black Friday. But did you know that the same day is also Buy Nothing Day?
Do the preparation task first. Then read the article and do the exercises.

An item at a lower price 

A person who buys something 

A person or company that sells something 

Vocabulary:

a bargain 

a consumer 

a customer 

a discount 

a shopkeeper 

a price cut 

a retailer 

a special offer
Choose the best answer. 
  • 1. Black Friday first became popular as a shopping day because 
a. there have always been special offers on that day. 

b. many people in the United States don’t work or go to school on this day. 

c. it is the day before Thanksgiving, an important holiday. 

  • 2. Why do some people think Black Friday is out of control? 
a. Small shopkeepers offer discounts too. 

b. Some people physically fight with the retailers. 

c. People spend more than they can really afford. 

  • 3. To celebrate Buy Nothing Day, the rules are that you 
a. don’t buy anything at all. 

b. only buy from small shopkeepers. 

c. think carefully about what you are buying. 

  • 4. According to the text, what should an ethical consumer probably not buy? 
a. cheap clothes 

b. a mobile phone 

c. a winter coat
Are the sentences true or false?  
1. Last year, people in the UK spent more on Black Friday than in some other countries in Europe. 

2. Some small shopkeepers find Black Friday is bad for their business. 

3. Buy Nothing Day is celebrated the day before Black Friday. 

4. The only reason to keep your old mobile at the end of a contract is to save money. 

5. To celebrate Buy Nothing Day, you shouldn’t go near a shopping centre. 

6. The Buy Nothing Coat Exchange is not only for people who are homeless.

What is Black Friday?

Black Friday is the day after the American holiday of Thanksgiving, which is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. Because it is a holiday in the United States, it has long been a popular day for consumers to start shopping for Christmas. Over the last 20 years big retailers have started to offer discounts and bargains on this day, and it has become more and more popular. Last year, people in the USA spent an estimated $54.7 billion between Black Friday and Cyber Monday (the Monday after Thanksgiving, when people often buy more online). The idea of Black Friday has also spread around the world. For example, in 2017, people in the UK spent the equivalent of $10.3 billion, in Germany $7.6 billion and in France $6.2 billion.

Is Black Friday out of control?

Many of us love to get a bargain, but some feel that events like Black Friday encourage people to buy things that they don’t really need and can’t afford. Many people seem to completely lose control of both their spending and their tempers. It is easy to find video online of customers physically fighting each other over bargains. It is also argued that Black Friday is bad for small shopkeepers, who cannot afford to offer the kinds of price cuts that the big companies can. 

What’s the alternative to Black Friday? 

Instead of taking the opportunity to buy as much as possible on Black Friday, you could do the opposite and buy absolutely nothing. Since 1997, Buy Nothing Day has been held on the same day as Black Friday. The rules are simple. Just don’t buy anything at all for 24 hours. Many people are surprised how difficult this actually is. The aim is to make people think more about their spending and to make better decisions about what they buy and where they buy it from.

Ethical spending

As well as spending less and not buying unnecessary items, Buy Nothing Day aims to raise awareness of how to be a more ethical consumer. For example, you can avoid buying ‘fast fashion’, that is, very cheap clothes that are worn a few times before being thrown away. Or you could decide not to automatically upgrade your mobile at the end of a contract. These kinds of decisions can help to protect the environment as well as saving you money. 

What else can you do on Buy Nothing Day? 

Some people carry out protests at shopping centres. Others avoid the shops completely and go for a walk in nature instead. Another alternative, the Buy Nothing Coat Exchange, is an idea which is spreading. People donate winter coats throughout November and anyone who needs one can come and take one on Buy Nothing Day. 

Thursday, 19 November 2020

Conditionals and Hypothetical situaltions

 CONDITIONALS PRACTICE:


UNREAL TIME AND SUBJUNCTIVES


The past tense is sometimes used in English to refer to an unreal situation. Although the tense is the past, we are usually talking about the present, e.g. in a Type 2 conditional sentence:

If dogs had wings, they would be able to fly.

Although had is in the past tense, we are not referring to the past - we are talking about a hypothetical situation. We call this the unreal past.

Other situations where this occurs are:
§  After other words and expressions like ‘if’ (suppose/supposing, if only, what if, imagine)
§  After the verb ‘to wish’
§  After the expressions I’d rather; I’d prefer; It’s time….

It's (high) time
The above expression is followed by past simple or continuous, though the time referred to is unreal.

It’s time we left. It’s high time I was going.
It's high time you hung up your trainers and started exercising your mind, not your body.


Wishes
  • Present/Future time
The verb to wish is followed by an unreal past tense when we want to talk about situations in the present that we are not happy about and would want to change a present/future state.

      I wish I had a motorbike. (I don’t have one now.) 
      I wish you weren’t leaving. (You are leaving.)

  • Would
Would is used when the speaker wants somebody or something else to change, or to describe an annoying habit.

      I wish he would stop smoking.        
      I wish it would stop raining. 
      I wish you wouldn’t make such a mess.

  • Past time
As with present wishes, when we refer to situations in the past we are not happy about or about actions that we regret, the verb form after wish is one stage further back in the past, so we use wish followed by the past participle. Same is used after if only to express regrets.

I wish I hadn’t said that.(but I did)             If only I hadn’t eaten so much. (but I did)

  • Hope
Wishes about simple future events are expressed with hope.

hope it doesn’t (won’t) rain tomorrow.     
hope you(‘ll) have a lovely time in Portugal (on your holiday next week).         


I’d rather/I’d prefer (followed by a clause)
  • I’d rather is followed by past verb forms in the same way as wishes about the present. It expresses preference about actions.
I’d rather you didn’t smoke in here.

Both I’d rather and I’d sooner are used with normal verb forms when comparing nouns or phrases.
I’d rather be a sailor than a soldier. (present)
I’d rather have lived in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome. (past)

  • I’d prefer can be used in the same way, but note that prefer in this type of sentence has an object it.
                  I’d prefer it if you didn’t go.

      However, I’d prefer is not followed by an unreal verb form in other situations.
                  I’d prefer tea to coffee.
                  I‘d prefer you to go swimming (rather than go jogging).

As if, as though – Real and unreal
The verb form used with as if/as though depends on whether the situation is true or unreal.
                  You look as if you’re having second thoughts. (True. He is having second thoughts.)
                  He acts as if he were in charge. (Unreal. He isn’t in charge)

Note, however, that the more colloquial like does not require this verb form change. Compare:
                  You look like you have just seen a ghost.
                  You look as if you had just seen a ghost.

Suppose and imagine – Understood conditions
The conditional part of these sentences is often understood but not stated.
                  Imagine we won the lottery!
                  Suppose/supposing someone told you that I was a spy!
                  Imagine we had never met! (we have met)

As with conditional sentences, if the event referred to is a real possibility, rather than imaginary, a present verb form is possible:
                  Suppose it starts raining, what’ll we do?

Formal Subjunctives - Insisting, demanding, etc.
After verbs such as demand, insist, suggest, require which involve an implied obligation, the subjunctive may be used in formal style. This has only one form, that of the infinitive, and there is no third person –s, or past form. The verb be has be for all forms.

They demanded that he leave at once.
The school Principal suggested that he be awarded a scholarship.

Formulaic Subjunctives
These are fixed expressions all using subjunctive. Typical expressions are:
                  God save the Queen!
                  Be that as it may …
                  Come what may ….
                  Suffice it to say ….
                  Far be it from me …but

be that as it may: (formaldespite that. Synonym nevertheless. E.g. I know that he has tried hard; be that as it may, his work is just not good enough. 

come what may: despite any problems or difficulties you may have. E.g. He promised to support her come what may. 
  
suffice (it) to say (that)… used to suggest that although you could say more, what you do say will be enough to explain what you mean. E.g. I won't go into all the details. Suffice it to say that the whole event was a complete disaster. 


Far be it from me to do somethingsomething that you say when you are giving advice or criticizing someone and you want to seem polite. It is not really my place to do something. (Always followed by but, as in the example.) Far be it from me to tell you what to do, but don't you think you should apologize? Far be it from me to tell you what to do, but I think you should buy the book.

More on the subjunctive: